Geography and History of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Pakistani states of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The Chinese regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram are also included in Kashmir. Currently, the United Nations refers to this region as Jammu and Kashmir. Until the 19th century, Kashmir geographically included the valley region from the Himalayas to the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, however, it has been extended to include the aforementioned areas. Kashmir is significant to geographic studies because its status is disputed, which often causes conflict to develop in the region. Today, Kashmir is administered by India, Pakistan and China. Historical Facts About Kashmir Historical documents state that the region of present-day Kashmir was formerly a lake, thus its name is derived from several translations that deal with water. Kaashmir, a term used in the religious text Nilamata Purana, means for example a land desiccated from water. Kashmirs old capital, Shrinagari, was first founded by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka and the region served as a center of Buddhism. In the 9th century, Hinduism was introduced to the area and both religions thrived. In the 14th century, the Mongol ruler, Dulucha invaded the Kashmir region. This ended the Hindu and Buddhist rule of the area and in 1339, Shah Mir Swati became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. Throughout the rest of the 14th century and into subsequent times, Muslim dynasties and empires successfully controlled the Kashmir region. By the 19th century, though, Kashmir was passed to the Sikh armies that were conquering the area. Beginning in 1947 at the end of Englands rule of India, the Kashmir region was given the choice to become a part of the new Union of India, the Dominion of Pakistan or to remain independent. Around this same time, however, both Pakistan and India attempted to gain control of the area and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 began which lasted until 1948 when the region was partitioned. Two more wars over Kashmir took place in 1965 and 1999. Todays Geography of Kashmir Today, Kashmir is divided among Pakistan, India and China. Pakistan controls the northwestern part, while India controls the central and southern portions and China controls its northeastern areas. India controls the largest portion of land at 39,127 square miles (101,338 sq km) while Pakistan controls an area of 33,145 square miles (85,846 sq km) and China 14,500 square miles (37,555 sq km). The Kashmir region has a total area of about 86,772 square miles (224,739 sq km) and much of it is undeveloped and dominated by large mountain ranges such as the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges. The Vale of Kashmir is located between mountain ranges and there are also several large rivers in the region. The most populated areas are Jammu and Azad Kashmir. The main cities in Kashmir are Mirpur, Dadayal, Kotli, Bhimber Jammu, Muzaffrarabad and Rawalakot. Kashmirs Climate Kashmir has a varied climate but in its lower elevations, summers are hot, humid and dominated monsoonal weather patterns, while winters are cold and often wet. In the higher elevations, summers are cool and short, and winters are very long and very cold. Economy Kashmirs economy is mostly made up of agriculture that takes place in its fertile valley areas. Rice, corn, wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables are the main crops grown in Kashmir while lumber  and the raising of livestock also play a role in its economy. In addition, small-scale handicrafts and tourism are important to the area. Ethnic Groups in Kashmir Most of Kashmirs population is Muslim. Hindus also live in the region and the main language of Kashmir is Kashmiri. Tourism In the 19th century, Kashmir was a popular tourist destination because of its topography and climate. Many of Kashmirs tourists came from Europe and were interested in hunting and mountain climbing. Resources and Further Reading How Stuff Works. (n.d.). How Stuff Works Geography of Kashmir. Retrieved from: http://geography.howstuffworks.com/middle-east/geography-of-kashmir.htm

Movie Review Hard Ball - 1811 Words

Introduction In the book, ‘Understanding Movies’ Louis Gianetti refers to Mise en scà ¨ne as the arrangement of objects and people within a given three-dimensional space. Mise en scà ¨ne involves the setting and the actors, props, and all the other natural and artificial elements that distinguish the spaces being filmed at the time. In ‘Hard Ball’ Keanu Reeves play’s the role of Conor O Neill. The story is about how O’Neil is a compulsive gambler whose life is turned around after coaching a baseball team to get rid of his debts. O’Neil also battles personal problems like self-greed and is challenged to put it aside as he tries to bring the kids together. Rocky is a film starring Sylvester Stallone. Stallone plays the role of a small-time†¦show more content†¦The lighting is used realistically and seems to be low-key to help set the tone. The cameras low angle reinforces that Rocky is in a rough patch and struggling for income. Even though he faces adversity the facial expression and deep focus shot shows he is focused and determined to improve his life. The composition shows Rocky occupying two thirds of a tight frame and cant really move much in it. Figure 2. In Figure 2, it is early on in the film where the director establishes who the main character is. The director uses the middle of the screen for dominance. The frame shows O’Neill in trouble and sums up the sort of trouble he has caused himself. The lighting around the two characters is very low, emphasizing the situation. The intricate use of lenses shows the connection between the two at the very moment. The proxemics helps define the relationship between the men too. The director did a great job in the way he has shaped the image to accentuate the action and engage our attention. What is not seen in the shot are the other men trying to get to O’Neill too, the director does this to provide some visual variety in the scene. O’Neil seems to be dominated by the man, indicating vulnerability and powerlessness. The blackness toward the outside of the frame is indicating danger and possible death. The camera angle is at eye-level. The subjects are both standing, and the camera is placed as though the audience was viewing theShow MoreRelatedMasculinity in Movies: Full Metal Jacket Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesMetal Jacket Stanley Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 film which portrays the early careers of U.S. Marine Corps recruits preparing for the Vietnam War. Throughout the movie, one recognizes concepts covered in the TV and film analysis film class; specifically the issue of masculinity. 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Capitalism Socialism Free Essays

A Better Change in Society Socialism and Capitalism are two different types of government. Socialism is the society were the government takes care of all individuals. There is no personal responsibility and the government owns everything but most personal freedoms are gone. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism Socialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capitalism is an economical system in which wealth and the productions of wealth are privately owned and controlled rather than being state owned and controlled. Socialism critiqued capitalism for being an unfair economic structure. Before Socialism, the government was not engaged with the people, products and businesses, and taxes and classes were all functioning differently wen Capitalism was in play. What Capitalism really involves of is laissez faire, which means to let it be. In capitalism, the means of production is owned, ran, and traded for the purpose of making profits for private owners. Capitalisms’ importance is on individual profit instead of workers or society as a whole. However, on the Socialism side, all people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed and workers should have more rights and treated better. Socialism emphasis more on profits being distributed among the society to receiving a better wage. Capitalism was a time where government did not do much and let individuals to own their factories, houses, goods, etc. and put their own prices on them. Production are privately owned and used for a private profit. This gives motivations for producers to engage in economic activity. Once Socialism came to be, government began to act and the productions became socially owned with the surplus value produced increasing to either all of society or to all the workers of the business. The economy back in Capitalism was not very stable. Employment with low wages was affecting everyone except the rich. In socialism, there are the rich, middle and lower classes, but in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs encountered. In this type of government the rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax. Taxes benefit the people and are used to support any of there programs and Capitalism has similar traits. However, in Capitalism it was more of a support to the rich only. The rich individuals goal for their business is maximizing wealth or the price of the stock of the business in order to make owners as wealthy as possible just like a free market economy, but does not befit the lower classes at all. In the Socialists point of view, Capitalism was considered an unfair form of government. Capitalism interested more on individuals’ own wealth, goods, and profits, which only benefited the rich class while the middle and lower class, had to work very hard to be able to get their money. That is why Socialism started and made everything equal for everyone. The rich were taxed more so that it would be fair any wasted the same as what a middle or lower class would waste. An important part of Socialism was that government had been more into their society and now government began to own factories, houses, and property and put it cost on it and nobody owned anything without government being engaged. How to cite Capitalism Socialism, Essay examples Capitalism Socialism Free Essays Different countries and different economic systems have different rates of technological innovation and adoption. For instance, many believe that Socialist countries have difficulties keeping up with technology advances when compared to Capitalist countries. What are the factors that contribute to a country’s ability to innovate and adopt new technologies? What factors prevent these advancements? Which type of economy is best positioned to prosper in an economy that depends on technology and innovation? Please provide specific examples that illustrate your conclusions. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism Socialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capitalism promotes economic growth by providing an open competition in the market. Capitalism results in a regionalized economic system. In a regionalized economy, individuals are open to more options in business. They are exposed to competition and have to face different challenges and have to find solutions to them to stay in competition. However, Capitalism depends on markets and competition to drive growth. Selfishness of individuals in capitalist countries drives economies to the greater good. Socialism endeavors to only give people what they need, regardless of what they want, for the greater good (Colander, 2013). It is within this thinking that Capitalism would lead the way in technology development, â€Å"Out of the Box thinking† and trying for a competitive edge would drive technology advancements. Since corporations have moved a lot of jobs overseas to the lowest bidder the only way the United States is going to continue to strengthen the economy is through innovation. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which individuals own economic resources and industry, whereas under socialism, the state plans and produces goods among its citizens.  (wisegeek, 2013) The problem with is, what would be the point of working harder, being smarter by getting more education, sacrificing more, or even cashing in on God given natural talents if there is no incentive to do so? Socialism is an economic system based on individuals’ â€Å"goodwill† towards others, not on their own self-interest, which in principle; society decides what, how and for whom to supply. (Colander 2010) Socialism has a higher cost than other governments, thus taxes are high in socialistic countries. Those who criticize socialism observe that hefty taxation to provide equal social services for all citizens can hinder business owners from innovation and excellence, since the owner won’t personally profit from his or her efforts. (wisegeek, 2013) Socialism provides Economic, Medical and Political equality, socialism attempts to equalize and provide the minimum for all people. Everybody has a job but there is no â€Å"out of the box thinking†. Advancing technology would be enormously difficult as this takes money. Socialistic countries have a tendency to have a much higher debt ratio per citizen, thus making technology advancements difficult. The Capitalist goal is to keep taxes low keeping social benefits at a minimum demanding the public to provide for themselves. There are those who think society is better off with this kind of driving competition. Critics of capitalism note that the marketplace can be unpredictable, presenting physical dangers to the wellbeing of those who are not wealthy or who are otherwise vulnerable. (wisegeek, 2013) I think that new technology is by definition is almost nonexistence. At the moment of its inception, the new idea or good is the sole property of the original innovator. It takes time for others to catch up and to produce the new goods on a large scale. Therefore, supply is characteristically low. The person or business with the original access to the new idea or good at the time of inception has a great gain. If the technology is attractive to consumers, the price point will be high, and the business with the most cutting edge technology will take in the highest profits. It benefits businesses to be on the cutting edge of innovation in a capitalist society. In a socialist society, the price point will be set based on what’s good for all of the people. The person or business that created the new technology doesn’t see the same profits as in the capitalist society. As a result, Capitalist countries are in a better stand point to prosper. In those countries, there is a greater reward for technology and innovation. In my studies, I’ve read in history that once you give up all your money and decision making rights to a giant, it’s really hard to get it back again†¦ How to cite Capitalism Socialism, Papers

Corrido and Conjunto free essay sample

Relate each of the three music genres that developed on the Texas-Mexican border to Its cultural background and the group associated with Its widespread acceptance and dissemination. How did It change over time? Corridor The corridor has roots back to Spanish descendents in the 12th century. By the 1 5th century, the style was more developed; but the corridor really emerged after the Mexican-American War in 1846. This style became very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Mexico, and eventually Texas.The corridor showcased the hanged in the role of Mexicans In relation to Americans. Songs often spoke of events, tragedies, or conflicts. The songs were very racially focused and would often act as protest to the social prejudices that they faced. After World War II, the theme changed to cover the necessary changes in social structure. The reading The New Chicane Heroic Corridor by Jose Villains discusses studies by Vaccine Mendoza, the leading scholar in studies of the corridor. Mendoza finds that the subject of the corridor has constantly changed over time.He lists many topics that have been the Ochs of corridor music over the years: historical, revolutionaries, bravery, killings, political, robbers, Jailing, rapes, persecutions, murders, evil, tragedies, horses, and a number of other categories. The reading also states, Another category of corridor Is that of focusing women heroines instead of the traditional male heroes. One singer who made corridor popular was Lydia Mendoza. She is given credit for over 200 songs. She sang and accompanied herself by playing a 12-string guitar. Corridor used to Just be sung a capable, but she helped change this part of the culture of the radio. Basis was founded by Spanish descendents in 1100-1200 AD * Well developed by 1 5th century * Emerged after Mix-Am War (1846-1848) * Became very popular in late 19th, early 20th century in Mexico * Documented change in role of Mexicans in relation to Americans * Very racially focused (social protest gains prejudice) * After WI, new theme, changes in social structure Conjunct The conjunct style of music began in the late 19th century along the Mexican- American border. It was a style of music for the working class that was made up of the accordion and the Baja sexton.The Baja sexton was originally used as a bass, but then became more commonly used as a regular guitar. In the sass, it spread through the southwestern United States with the help of the father of conjunct music, Narcosi s Martinez. He focused his music around a fast-paced accordion. Valerie Longhorn added onto what Martinez began. Often referred to as the genius of conjunct, he tweaked his accordion to make It sound a bit different, and people have been trying to replicate It ever since. He also added drums and vocals to the music, which it didnt have when the genre began. His music thrived after the Second World War.He helped raise the music to a higher level, but not to the upper class. The reading Musical Frittering/Border Music by Manuel Penn hinted at the causes of conjunct music. It states, It is critical to an understanding of the conjunctions significance that its complex social context be taken into account. Its emergence was ethnic class friction. This was why it did not want to be seen as a song for those of the upper class. The working class took pride in their conjunct. Eventually, a man named Fallacy Jimenez, advanced the genre more, by combining techno music with country/western music from American popularity.Emerged in the late 19th century along the border * Baja Sexton, first used as bass, then as guitar * Humble, rural origins * Working class dance music * In sass, spread through Southwest US (Arizona, Call, etc) * Narcosis Martinez, father of conjunct music, focused on fast-paced accordion * Valerie Longhorn, tweaked his accordion, people have been trying to replicate it ever since. Added drums. * Genius of conjunct music, added vocals, thrived in post WI. Raised too higher value, but not upper class. Requests Speaking of upper class, this was where the requests thrived.It was developed in the sass, to give the upper class Mexicans a version of American ballroom dances, such as the swing and waltz. Many requests bands played the popular American songs, but new songs were also made, and were a good bit more popular. Noted by Penn in an interview with a member of an requests band, The first hour we play nothing but American music and nobody dancing. Then we take off with Los Laurels, El Abandoned Rancher, everybody starts dancing. These songs are examples of requests dances such as Daemon, Bolero, Rumba, and Accuracy.In the ass and ass, requests is said to have fused with American Jazz and rock. Penn again notes, The old fashioned requests disappeared soon after the advent of the Mexican-American Generation. They were replaced by the surging, modern-style requests, which were capable not only of keeping alive the Mexican-Americans musical roots, but also of catering to the new generations more modern and Americanizes outlook. In the sass and ass, a man named Bet Villa (the father of the Mexican-American requests) mixed the Tex-Mix Polka style with American swing ND foxtrot, creating a very new version of requests music.In the ass and ass, Little Joe Hernandez and his family became a very popular requests band. Compare and contrast the three styles in terms of form, lyrics, instrumentation and performance practice. Corridor (Ballad) The term Corridor described a type of song that was often very racially focused, telling a story about the prejudice that the Mexican-Americans were facing (this was especially true after World War II). The song El Corridor De Joaquin Merriest told a story about a thief that they often referred to as the Mexican Robin Hood. Another song, El Corridor De Kiwanis detailed a cattle drive by Americans that was going very poorly.Thirty American cattle drivers were failing to control the 500 cattle, but then five Mexicans showed up and had the cattle rounded up in 15 minutes. There were also Caracas that told a story about the composers feelings or thoughts. They were often written in Strophic form based on copal, which had 4 lines, 8 syllables per line, and rhymed every 2nd and 4th line. They used to be sung a capable, but are now Mendoza who sang and played a 12-string guitar. She had over 200 songs to her name. Corridor were usually sung in any manner that befit the passing of a story, like while traveling, around a campfire, or Just at home.Lyrics were passed orally and this often lead to words being changed over the years. * Very racially focused (social protest gains prejudice) * Strophic Form * Caracas (songs about the composers feeling, thoughts, and ideas) * Told a story * Based on copal (4 lines, 8 syllables, 24 rhyme) * Sung A Capable, now some include guitar * El Corridor De Kiwanis (Cattle Drivers failed, Mexicans succeed) * El Corridor De Joaquin Merriest (Mexican Robin Hood) Lydia Mendoza, singer and 12 string guitar (200+ songs) * Performance Practice: Passed orally, often changing words, sang while traveling, at home, etc.Requests music was used in upper-class parties or balls. Unlike other techno music, it was not passed down by ear. Since this was the upper class, sheet music was used to pass down the songs. * Upper class dance music * Started with violin * Added brass, percussion, big band instruments * Incorporated waltz, swing, etc * Lea said there was no form Compare and contrast the religious traditions of Afro Cuban Sanitaria and African American Christian slaves on southern plantations The Santa is the largest Afro-Cuban religion, and is the Cuban mix of Your spirituality with Roman Catholicism.The first thing I noticed was different between the Afro Cuban Sanitaria and African American slaves was the role of race. This undoubtedly played a big role in their religion as well. In Cuba, it is said that race was not an issue as it was in America. Since religion was so often used by slaves as a way to stay optimistic about their situation, this was a clear difference. Another difference was the worship of Orisons, which the Cubans believed to be a spirit or deity that reflects one of the manifestations of God.In a way, this can be compared too Saint in the Catholic Church. The Goddess of Love and Fertility in Afro-Cuban worship was called Shun. It was said that this was one of the first Orisons that an outsider would discover. As African American slaves were not allowed to use drums with their songs, the Afro-Cubans would use Bat drums that are said to hold an indwelling deity named Ana. These were drums sacred to their religion, and used for unreels, initiations, and other important ceremonies.Contrasting from regular sacraments of the Christian faith, the Afro-Cubans had an event called the Toque De Santos. It is an anniversary of initiation to honor the spirits. There is singing and dancing accompanied by the Bat drums. This ceremony would create an altered state of consciousness that they believed to be involved with spirit possession. This altered state of spirit possession was also present with African American Christian slaves. Trace the evolution and development of the Steel Band. Trace the evolution and development of the Calypso.