Geography and History of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Pakistani states of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The Chinese regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram are also included in Kashmir. Currently, the United Nations refers to this region as Jammu and Kashmir. Until the 19th century, Kashmir geographically included the valley region from the Himalayas to the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, however, it has been extended to include the aforementioned areas. Kashmir is significant to geographic studies because its status is disputed, which often causes conflict to develop in the region. Today, Kashmir is administered by India, Pakistan and China. Historical Facts About Kashmir Historical documents state that the region of present-day Kashmir was formerly a lake, thus its name is derived from several translations that deal with water. Kaashmir, a term used in the religious text Nilamata Purana, means for example a land desiccated from water. Kashmirs old capital, Shrinagari, was first founded by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka and the region served as a center of Buddhism. In the 9th century, Hinduism was introduced to the area and both religions thrived. In the 14th century, the Mongol ruler, Dulucha invaded the Kashmir region. This ended the Hindu and Buddhist rule of the area and in 1339, Shah Mir Swati became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. Throughout the rest of the 14th century and into subsequent times, Muslim dynasties and empires successfully controlled the Kashmir region. By the 19th century, though, Kashmir was passed to the Sikh armies that were conquering the area. Beginning in 1947 at the end of Englands rule of India, the Kashmir region was given the choice to become a part of the new Union of India, the Dominion of Pakistan or to remain independent. Around this same time, however, both Pakistan and India attempted to gain control of the area and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 began which lasted until 1948 when the region was partitioned. Two more wars over Kashmir took place in 1965 and 1999. Todays Geography of Kashmir Today, Kashmir is divided among Pakistan, India and China. Pakistan controls the northwestern part, while India controls the central and southern portions and China controls its northeastern areas. India controls the largest portion of land at 39,127 square miles (101,338 sq km) while Pakistan controls an area of 33,145 square miles (85,846 sq km) and China 14,500 square miles (37,555 sq km). The Kashmir region has a total area of about 86,772 square miles (224,739 sq km) and much of it is undeveloped and dominated by large mountain ranges such as the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges. The Vale of Kashmir is located between mountain ranges and there are also several large rivers in the region. The most populated areas are Jammu and Azad Kashmir. The main cities in Kashmir are Mirpur, Dadayal, Kotli, Bhimber Jammu, Muzaffrarabad and Rawalakot. Kashmirs Climate Kashmir has a varied climate but in its lower elevations, summers are hot, humid and dominated monsoonal weather patterns, while winters are cold and often wet. In the higher elevations, summers are cool and short, and winters are very long and very cold. Economy Kashmirs economy is mostly made up of agriculture that takes place in its fertile valley areas. Rice, corn, wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables are the main crops grown in Kashmir while lumber  and the raising of livestock also play a role in its economy. In addition, small-scale handicrafts and tourism are important to the area. Ethnic Groups in Kashmir Most of Kashmirs population is Muslim. Hindus also live in the region and the main language of Kashmir is Kashmiri. Tourism In the 19th century, Kashmir was a popular tourist destination because of its topography and climate. Many of Kashmirs tourists came from Europe and were interested in hunting and mountain climbing. Resources and Further Reading How Stuff Works. (n.d.). How Stuff Works Geography of Kashmir. Retrieved from: http://geography.howstuffworks.com/middle-east/geography-of-kashmir.htm

Movie Review Hard Ball - 1811 Words

Introduction In the book, ‘Understanding Movies’ Louis Gianetti refers to Mise en scà ¨ne as the arrangement of objects and people within a given three-dimensional space. Mise en scà ¨ne involves the setting and the actors, props, and all the other natural and artificial elements that distinguish the spaces being filmed at the time. In ‘Hard Ball’ Keanu Reeves play’s the role of Conor O Neill. The story is about how O’Neil is a compulsive gambler whose life is turned around after coaching a baseball team to get rid of his debts. O’Neil also battles personal problems like self-greed and is challenged to put it aside as he tries to bring the kids together. Rocky is a film starring Sylvester Stallone. Stallone plays the role of a small-time†¦show more content†¦The lighting is used realistically and seems to be low-key to help set the tone. The cameras low angle reinforces that Rocky is in a rough patch and struggling for income. Even though he faces adversity the facial expression and deep focus shot shows he is focused and determined to improve his life. The composition shows Rocky occupying two thirds of a tight frame and cant really move much in it. Figure 2. In Figure 2, it is early on in the film where the director establishes who the main character is. The director uses the middle of the screen for dominance. The frame shows O’Neill in trouble and sums up the sort of trouble he has caused himself. The lighting around the two characters is very low, emphasizing the situation. The intricate use of lenses shows the connection between the two at the very moment. The proxemics helps define the relationship between the men too. The director did a great job in the way he has shaped the image to accentuate the action and engage our attention. What is not seen in the shot are the other men trying to get to O’Neill too, the director does this to provide some visual variety in the scene. O’Neil seems to be dominated by the man, indicating vulnerability and powerlessness. The blackness toward the outside of the frame is indicating danger and possible death. The camera angle is at eye-level. The subjects are both standing, and the camera is placed as though the audience was viewing theShow MoreRelatedMasculinity in Movies: Full Metal Jacket Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesMetal Jacket Stanley Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 film which portrays the early careers of U.S. Marine Corps recruits preparing for the Vietnam War. Throughout the movie, one recognizes concepts covered in the TV and film analysis film class; specifically the issue of masculinity. 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Former General McCarthy, then U.S. Senator started a fire ball of suspicion, suppression, and incarceration. This had a very huge impact on the entrainment industry, which included everyone from playwrights to filmmakers, as well asRead Moreâ€Å"You Need Me On That Wall†.In An Excellent Movie From 19921637 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You need me on that wall† In an excellent movie from 1992 entitled â€Å"A Few Good Men† U.S. Navy Colonel Nathan Jessup (played by Jack Nicholson) tells U.S. Navy Lt. Lawyer Daniel Kaffee (played by Tom Cruise) 3 lines in the dramatic conclusion of a court trial involving a murder of a U.S. Marine. 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Capitalism Socialism Free Essays

A Better Change in Society Socialism and Capitalism are two different types of government. Socialism is the society were the government takes care of all individuals. There is no personal responsibility and the government owns everything but most personal freedoms are gone. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism Socialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capitalism is an economical system in which wealth and the productions of wealth are privately owned and controlled rather than being state owned and controlled. Socialism critiqued capitalism for being an unfair economic structure. Before Socialism, the government was not engaged with the people, products and businesses, and taxes and classes were all functioning differently wen Capitalism was in play. What Capitalism really involves of is laissez faire, which means to let it be. In capitalism, the means of production is owned, ran, and traded for the purpose of making profits for private owners. Capitalisms’ importance is on individual profit instead of workers or society as a whole. However, on the Socialism side, all people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed and workers should have more rights and treated better. Socialism emphasis more on profits being distributed among the society to receiving a better wage. Capitalism was a time where government did not do much and let individuals to own their factories, houses, goods, etc. and put their own prices on them. Production are privately owned and used for a private profit. This gives motivations for producers to engage in economic activity. Once Socialism came to be, government began to act and the productions became socially owned with the surplus value produced increasing to either all of society or to all the workers of the business. The economy back in Capitalism was not very stable. Employment with low wages was affecting everyone except the rich. In socialism, there are the rich, middle and lower classes, but in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs encountered. In this type of government the rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax. Taxes benefit the people and are used to support any of there programs and Capitalism has similar traits. However, in Capitalism it was more of a support to the rich only. The rich individuals goal for their business is maximizing wealth or the price of the stock of the business in order to make owners as wealthy as possible just like a free market economy, but does not befit the lower classes at all. In the Socialists point of view, Capitalism was considered an unfair form of government. Capitalism interested more on individuals’ own wealth, goods, and profits, which only benefited the rich class while the middle and lower class, had to work very hard to be able to get their money. That is why Socialism started and made everything equal for everyone. The rich were taxed more so that it would be fair any wasted the same as what a middle or lower class would waste. An important part of Socialism was that government had been more into their society and now government began to own factories, houses, and property and put it cost on it and nobody owned anything without government being engaged. How to cite Capitalism Socialism, Essay examples Capitalism Socialism Free Essays Different countries and different economic systems have different rates of technological innovation and adoption. For instance, many believe that Socialist countries have difficulties keeping up with technology advances when compared to Capitalist countries. What are the factors that contribute to a country’s ability to innovate and adopt new technologies? What factors prevent these advancements? Which type of economy is best positioned to prosper in an economy that depends on technology and innovation? Please provide specific examples that illustrate your conclusions. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism Socialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capitalism promotes economic growth by providing an open competition in the market. Capitalism results in a regionalized economic system. In a regionalized economy, individuals are open to more options in business. They are exposed to competition and have to face different challenges and have to find solutions to them to stay in competition. However, Capitalism depends on markets and competition to drive growth. Selfishness of individuals in capitalist countries drives economies to the greater good. Socialism endeavors to only give people what they need, regardless of what they want, for the greater good (Colander, 2013). It is within this thinking that Capitalism would lead the way in technology development, â€Å"Out of the Box thinking† and trying for a competitive edge would drive technology advancements. Since corporations have moved a lot of jobs overseas to the lowest bidder the only way the United States is going to continue to strengthen the economy is through innovation. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which individuals own economic resources and industry, whereas under socialism, the state plans and produces goods among its citizens.  (wisegeek, 2013) The problem with is, what would be the point of working harder, being smarter by getting more education, sacrificing more, or even cashing in on God given natural talents if there is no incentive to do so? Socialism is an economic system based on individuals’ â€Å"goodwill† towards others, not on their own self-interest, which in principle; society decides what, how and for whom to supply. (Colander 2010) Socialism has a higher cost than other governments, thus taxes are high in socialistic countries. Those who criticize socialism observe that hefty taxation to provide equal social services for all citizens can hinder business owners from innovation and excellence, since the owner won’t personally profit from his or her efforts. (wisegeek, 2013) Socialism provides Economic, Medical and Political equality, socialism attempts to equalize and provide the minimum for all people. Everybody has a job but there is no â€Å"out of the box thinking†. Advancing technology would be enormously difficult as this takes money. Socialistic countries have a tendency to have a much higher debt ratio per citizen, thus making technology advancements difficult. The Capitalist goal is to keep taxes low keeping social benefits at a minimum demanding the public to provide for themselves. There are those who think society is better off with this kind of driving competition. Critics of capitalism note that the marketplace can be unpredictable, presenting physical dangers to the wellbeing of those who are not wealthy or who are otherwise vulnerable. (wisegeek, 2013) I think that new technology is by definition is almost nonexistence. At the moment of its inception, the new idea or good is the sole property of the original innovator. It takes time for others to catch up and to produce the new goods on a large scale. Therefore, supply is characteristically low. The person or business with the original access to the new idea or good at the time of inception has a great gain. If the technology is attractive to consumers, the price point will be high, and the business with the most cutting edge technology will take in the highest profits. It benefits businesses to be on the cutting edge of innovation in a capitalist society. In a socialist society, the price point will be set based on what’s good for all of the people. The person or business that created the new technology doesn’t see the same profits as in the capitalist society. As a result, Capitalist countries are in a better stand point to prosper. In those countries, there is a greater reward for technology and innovation. In my studies, I’ve read in history that once you give up all your money and decision making rights to a giant, it’s really hard to get it back again†¦ How to cite Capitalism Socialism, Papers

Corrido and Conjunto free essay sample

Relate each of the three music genres that developed on the Texas-Mexican border to Its cultural background and the group associated with Its widespread acceptance and dissemination. How did It change over time? Corridor The corridor has roots back to Spanish descendents in the 12th century. By the 1 5th century, the style was more developed; but the corridor really emerged after the Mexican-American War in 1846. This style became very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Mexico, and eventually Texas.The corridor showcased the hanged in the role of Mexicans In relation to Americans. Songs often spoke of events, tragedies, or conflicts. The songs were very racially focused and would often act as protest to the social prejudices that they faced. After World War II, the theme changed to cover the necessary changes in social structure. The reading The New Chicane Heroic Corridor by Jose Villains discusses studies by Vaccine Mendoza, the leading scholar in studies of the corridor. Mendoza finds that the subject of the corridor has constantly changed over time.He lists many topics that have been the Ochs of corridor music over the years: historical, revolutionaries, bravery, killings, political, robbers, Jailing, rapes, persecutions, murders, evil, tragedies, horses, and a number of other categories. The reading also states, Another category of corridor Is that of focusing women heroines instead of the traditional male heroes. One singer who made corridor popular was Lydia Mendoza. She is given credit for over 200 songs. She sang and accompanied herself by playing a 12-string guitar. Corridor used to Just be sung a capable, but she helped change this part of the culture of the radio. Basis was founded by Spanish descendents in 1100-1200 AD * Well developed by 1 5th century * Emerged after Mix-Am War (1846-1848) * Became very popular in late 19th, early 20th century in Mexico * Documented change in role of Mexicans in relation to Americans * Very racially focused (social protest gains prejudice) * After WI, new theme, changes in social structure Conjunct The conjunct style of music began in the late 19th century along the Mexican- American border. It was a style of music for the working class that was made up of the accordion and the Baja sexton.The Baja sexton was originally used as a bass, but then became more commonly used as a regular guitar. In the sass, it spread through the southwestern United States with the help of the father of conjunct music, Narcosi s Martinez. He focused his music around a fast-paced accordion. Valerie Longhorn added onto what Martinez began. Often referred to as the genius of conjunct, he tweaked his accordion to make It sound a bit different, and people have been trying to replicate It ever since. He also added drums and vocals to the music, which it didnt have when the genre began. His music thrived after the Second World War.He helped raise the music to a higher level, but not to the upper class. The reading Musical Frittering/Border Music by Manuel Penn hinted at the causes of conjunct music. It states, It is critical to an understanding of the conjunctions significance that its complex social context be taken into account. Its emergence was ethnic class friction. This was why it did not want to be seen as a song for those of the upper class. The working class took pride in their conjunct. Eventually, a man named Fallacy Jimenez, advanced the genre more, by combining techno music with country/western music from American popularity.Emerged in the late 19th century along the border * Baja Sexton, first used as bass, then as guitar * Humble, rural origins * Working class dance music * In sass, spread through Southwest US (Arizona, Call, etc) * Narcosis Martinez, father of conjunct music, focused on fast-paced accordion * Valerie Longhorn, tweaked his accordion, people have been trying to replicate it ever since. Added drums. * Genius of conjunct music, added vocals, thrived in post WI. Raised too higher value, but not upper class. Requests Speaking of upper class, this was where the requests thrived.It was developed in the sass, to give the upper class Mexicans a version of American ballroom dances, such as the swing and waltz. Many requests bands played the popular American songs, but new songs were also made, and were a good bit more popular. Noted by Penn in an interview with a member of an requests band, The first hour we play nothing but American music and nobody dancing. Then we take off with Los Laurels, El Abandoned Rancher, everybody starts dancing. These songs are examples of requests dances such as Daemon, Bolero, Rumba, and Accuracy.In the ass and ass, requests is said to have fused with American Jazz and rock. Penn again notes, The old fashioned requests disappeared soon after the advent of the Mexican-American Generation. They were replaced by the surging, modern-style requests, which were capable not only of keeping alive the Mexican-Americans musical roots, but also of catering to the new generations more modern and Americanizes outlook. In the sass and ass, a man named Bet Villa (the father of the Mexican-American requests) mixed the Tex-Mix Polka style with American swing ND foxtrot, creating a very new version of requests music.In the ass and ass, Little Joe Hernandez and his family became a very popular requests band. Compare and contrast the three styles in terms of form, lyrics, instrumentation and performance practice. Corridor (Ballad) The term Corridor described a type of song that was often very racially focused, telling a story about the prejudice that the Mexican-Americans were facing (this was especially true after World War II). The song El Corridor De Joaquin Merriest told a story about a thief that they often referred to as the Mexican Robin Hood. Another song, El Corridor De Kiwanis detailed a cattle drive by Americans that was going very poorly.Thirty American cattle drivers were failing to control the 500 cattle, but then five Mexicans showed up and had the cattle rounded up in 15 minutes. There were also Caracas that told a story about the composers feelings or thoughts. They were often written in Strophic form based on copal, which had 4 lines, 8 syllables per line, and rhymed every 2nd and 4th line. They used to be sung a capable, but are now Mendoza who sang and played a 12-string guitar. She had over 200 songs to her name. Corridor were usually sung in any manner that befit the passing of a story, like while traveling, around a campfire, or Just at home.Lyrics were passed orally and this often lead to words being changed over the years. * Very racially focused (social protest gains prejudice) * Strophic Form * Caracas (songs about the composers feeling, thoughts, and ideas) * Told a story * Based on copal (4 lines, 8 syllables, 24 rhyme) * Sung A Capable, now some include guitar * El Corridor De Kiwanis (Cattle Drivers failed, Mexicans succeed) * El Corridor De Joaquin Merriest (Mexican Robin Hood) Lydia Mendoza, singer and 12 string guitar (200+ songs) * Performance Practice: Passed orally, often changing words, sang while traveling, at home, etc.Requests music was used in upper-class parties or balls. Unlike other techno music, it was not passed down by ear. Since this was the upper class, sheet music was used to pass down the songs. * Upper class dance music * Started with violin * Added brass, percussion, big band instruments * Incorporated waltz, swing, etc * Lea said there was no form Compare and contrast the religious traditions of Afro Cuban Sanitaria and African American Christian slaves on southern plantations The Santa is the largest Afro-Cuban religion, and is the Cuban mix of Your spirituality with Roman Catholicism.The first thing I noticed was different between the Afro Cuban Sanitaria and African American slaves was the role of race. This undoubtedly played a big role in their religion as well. In Cuba, it is said that race was not an issue as it was in America. Since religion was so often used by slaves as a way to stay optimistic about their situation, this was a clear difference. Another difference was the worship of Orisons, which the Cubans believed to be a spirit or deity that reflects one of the manifestations of God.In a way, this can be compared too Saint in the Catholic Church. The Goddess of Love and Fertility in Afro-Cuban worship was called Shun. It was said that this was one of the first Orisons that an outsider would discover. As African American slaves were not allowed to use drums with their songs, the Afro-Cubans would use Bat drums that are said to hold an indwelling deity named Ana. These were drums sacred to their religion, and used for unreels, initiations, and other important ceremonies.Contrasting from regular sacraments of the Christian faith, the Afro-Cubans had an event called the Toque De Santos. It is an anniversary of initiation to honor the spirits. There is singing and dancing accompanied by the Bat drums. This ceremony would create an altered state of consciousness that they believed to be involved with spirit possession. This altered state of spirit possession was also present with African American Christian slaves. Trace the evolution and development of the Steel Band. Trace the evolution and development of the Calypso.

Analysis Ms. Found in a Bottle by Edgar Poe Essay Example

Analysis Ms. Found in a Bottle by Edgar Poe Essay Example Analysis Ms. Found in a Bottle by Edgar Poe Paper Analysis Ms. Found in a Bottle by Edgar Poe Paper Ms. Found In A Bottle by Edgar Poe The story for analysis Ms. Found in a Bottle is written by Edgar Allan Poe. The text is about a man who describes the loss of a ship and its crew and his own discoveries. So the subject matter is the cognition of life and death. The story begins with the exposition. In this part of the text the narrator tries to persuade the reader that the story he is going to tell is true, and for this purpose the following stylistic devises are used. The Pyrrhonism of my opinions has at all times rendered me notorious. The metaphor the Pyrrhonism means skepticism, for this stylistic device refers to a philosophers name Pyrrhon, who tended to doubt and not to believe the fundamental truths. The epithet notorious and the phraseological unit at all times also attract our attention, for at all times is used in official notices and stresses the seriousness of the authors intention. And notorious puts more emphasis on the fact the narrator has been very skeptic, and th ats why his words, notwithstanding their incredibility, deserve the readers attention. Further he continues to convince us: No person could be less liable than myself to be led away from the sever precincts of truth by ignes fatui. ignes fatui are deceptive hopes which cant distract him from real facts. One more example can be conveyed through the following metaphorical sentence: A strong relish for physical philosophy has tinctured my mind. Physical philosophy means scientific or philosophy that needs proofs. Owing to the sentence Hereditary wealth afforded me an education of no common order, the reader learns that the narrator was rich and well-educated. In the following sentence the writer hints what he is going to portray: Of my country and of my family I have little to say. The reader sees that his native land and close people are not his first consideration. So something much more profound troubles him. The complication comes in the sentence One evening †¦ I observed a very singular isolated cloud†¦ The piling up of the epithets singular and isolated and the intensifier (adverb) very put us on our guard. But then tense atmosphere increases. For conveying it the author describes the nature using epithets and comparisons effectively: dusky-red appearance of the moon and the peculiar character of the sea †¦ a rapid change and the water seemed more than usually transparent †¦ The air became intolerably hot, and was loaded with spiral exhalations similar to those arising from heated iron. As night came on, every breath of wind died away †¦ The description of nature helps to create the atmosphere of anticipation. But the captain doesnt share our heros presentiments. On the one hand, it seems rather strange that an ordinary passenger foresees a simoom, and a sophisticated captain doesnt notice anything; but on the other hand that helps us to realize that the work is rather symbolic. Speaking about the ship, the narrator uses the pronoun she. In fact the ship implied to the soul of a human being, the soul where some changes take place. So the internal conflict comes into existence: between the heros skeptic attitude to life and death and his admiration to them. As it was mentioned, the character was well-educated. And his skepticism presupposes meditation (reflection).

CHAPTER 4 Example

CHAPTER 4 Example CHAPTER 4 – Coursework Example Necessary and Sufficient Causes Necessary cause is a situation, which must exist for a consequence to follow. To convict a person, charges of criminal offence exists where the person pleads guilty or found guilty of the offence. Sufficient cause is a state that assures for the result in question. When a person pleads guilty, that is a sufficient cause to convict the person (Maxfield and Babbie, 86).Reasons why both necessary and sufficient causes are difficult to identify in social sciences Validity of casual implication clarifies weather it is correct to conclude that a cause, which produced an effect for validity is an estimated truth to a conclusion. When something is valid, reliable evidence supports whether the inference is correct to a degree (Maxfield and Babbie, 87). A researcher is never certain of a cause thus making approximate, an important word in conclusion of a cause. Since it is difficult to establish the rationality of a casual inference, there cannot be absolute jud gment on whether statements about cause are correct. The social scientists address the various validity threats to determine whether the conviction of a person base on sufficient or necessary cause (Maxfield and Babbie, 88). In statistical conclusion validity, there is determination on whether the suspected cause statistically associates with the change in suspected result. Validity threats refer to potential false deduction about a cause. If a research shows that use of illegal drugs leads to people committing crimes, the researchers’ interest is to know how the crime committed relates to the use of drugs. If drug users commit equal crimes with nonusers and there are equal proportions of criminals and non-criminals who use drugs, it will be difficult to measure relationship between the criminal offence and drug use (Maxfield and Babbie, 88). Work CitedMaxfield, Michael G. and Earl R. Babbie. Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. Washington: Cengage Learning, 2010.

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Summarize - Essay Example Thus, much of the first chapter of her book is structured as justification for her research. The first focus of justification is proving that the research is new and necessary. Scully supports this claim by pointing to an androcentric bias in the sciences and the need for feminist research within the world of the men. According to Scully, the science behind this topic has traditionally been conducted from the perspective of men, focused on what men feel to be important and revealed what men understand to be the issues. When all of the studies on the rapists and their motivations is conducted by men, the female perspective remains lost, there remains a lack of understanding and the feminist literature risks the same glaring mistake made by the male literature in that the case of the other gender is kept mysterious. Having proven to her satisfaction that the research is required, Scully then justifies her choice of subject. She openly acknowledges the difficulty of accurately determining the size and characteristics of the male population that rapes, the low proportion of convicted perpetrators to probable actual perpetrators and the difficulty of finding rapists who have never been convicted to interview. From this point, she moves on to discuss why convicted, imprisoned rapists are the best candidates for her research because they are the most likely to disprove her theory. This section closes with her sampling strategy for choosing candidates for the research study. As she talks about her personal experience within the prisons, Scully reveals the conditions she found within, how that affects the prisoners on a psychological level and how that made her feel while she was visiting. She uses existing literature to support her hypothesis that the men would be more willing to talk with her because she was a woman and

Reflective report on business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective report on business law - Essay Example I was tasked with researching and preparing a presentation on the advantages and disadvantaged of Limited Liability Partnerships. Despite the initial hiccup, we were able to complete the assignment by week 3 and as such we had ample time to compile everything, rehearse, make corrections and managed to make a confident presentation in week 4. This reflective report briefly outlines the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000, and the Partnership Act 1890, that we discussed in our presentation and reflects on our experience with regards to the preparation of the assignment in a group. It looks at the challenges we encountered in the group, the strengths we had as a group and our experience during the oral presentation. Finally, it outlines the lessons learned from both working in a group/team and carrying out oral presentation. A brief outline of the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000 The Limited Liability Partnership Act, also known as the LLPA, is an act that provides for a framew ork under which limited liability partnerships are created. This act was developed in the United Kingdom as a result of corporate accounting firms’ pressure with regards to the need for the creation of a framework that combines both the benefits of limited liability and the flexibility of partnerships (Legislation.gov.uk n.d.). According to the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000, Limited Liability Partnerships are characterized by certain features including limited liability for partners/members; LLP’s are taxed as partnerships; they are separate legal entities; have organizational flexibility such as that enjoyed by partnerships; the filing and accounting requirements of LLP’s are similar to those of limited liability companies; any agreements between members are deemed as private and confidential, and LLP’s have the ability to develop floating charges. A limited Liability Partnership is not a partnership, and as such, the laws, rules and regulations that apply to partnerships do not apply to it, except in situations or circumstances provided for in the LLPA (Statham 2002). As such, it is right to define an LLP as an alternative business framework that combines the benefits enjoyed of limited liability and the flexibility of partnerships. According to LLPA 2000, limited liability is possible in LLP’s because an LLP is a legal entity entirely separate from its members and as a result, is liable for its own debts and owns the business assets. Partners or members act as the LLP’s agents, thus, have limited liability, at least up to their contribution-monetary-to the LLP. The Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000 provides for mechanisms in which the provisions of insolvency law and company law can be applied to LLP’s, at least with appropriate modifications. These mechanisms are used to put in place important safeguards for those willing to deal, or dealing with Limited Liability Partnerships. Such safeguards are expected to include provisions for public disclosure of LLPs information such as finance; and provisions with regards to what happens in the event that an LLP becomes insolvent (Legislation.gov.uk n.d.). A brief outline of the Partnership Act 1890 The Partnership Act 1890 defines a partnership as relation that exists between persons that are in a business to make profits. According to this act, the relationship between members of any association or

Whether Ethical Sourcing A Source Of Competitive Advantage Dissertation

Whether Ethical Sourcing A Source Of Competitive Advantage - Dissertation Example Adopting the means of ethical manufacturing sourcing generally relates to a wider market audience and conformance with predefined ethical standards and principles that facilitate an organization to create a brand image and adhere to the corporate social responsibility. Ethical sourcing, however, is a hindrance that suppliers face in their normal course of business. For instance, organizations find it expensive to adopt ethical supply chain and distribution networks thus generally face lack of coalition among business and individual objectives. UK ethics law is essential in guiding principles for ethical sourcing since it conducts activities under the permissible range of the European law. Supply chain is a condition that enables an organization to operate in a more defined manner than the companies it competes with. It gains competitive advantage, which results in profits increase to that company in terms of margin enhancement, especially in the modern dynamic business world. It also serves as a valuable strategy as it involves all critical features that a strategy entails like conceptual and analytical decision making in terms of products, their time of delivery and the market to be targeted. Introduction Ethical sourcing is making sure that workers who are treated well and paid fair wages to work legal hours create the products being sourced in safe facilities. It also means that the supplier of the product is regarding the environment for the period of the production and manufacture of the product. Many companies may have various reasons as to why they use ethical sourcing. Others may claim to embrace ethical sourcing, but not completely and may not be practicing it in all their companies globally. Sourcing ethically is ensuring that honest values are met for the period of the manufacturing of products, as well as sourcing equipment. It is ensuring the participation of everyone in their products' development is paid a fair wage and working in safe and hygien ic conditions. It also means that employees work at reasonable hours, is not subject to unfairness and is of civilized working age. In this project, it will be found out whether Ethical sourcing is a source of competitive advantage to various companies owing to customers and consumers’ interest. Analysis of the strategies that different organizations like M&S and Co-op use to realize effective ethical sourcing is going to be done to show whether these ethical sourcing is beneficial or disadvantageous to them. Some of the United Kingdom Ethic laws that regulate functionalities of these companies will be discussed (Report Linker 2011). What supply chain is will be disclosed and whether it has any advantage as a competitive source (Kate & Anna 2004). Literature review This literature review explains ethical sourcing and develops arguments for and against its adoption by major retailing organizations. It is acknowledged that different countries have different rules, regulations a nd laws governing sourcing (Lynn 2007). This dissertation, however, focuses on how major retailers source products for selling in the developed economies of the UK, EU and US. Whilst the overall objective of this review is to, critically, examine ethical sourcing and its adoption by some firms (but not by others), it will help develop a model that can be used to see how â€Å"ethical† organizations actually are. Sourcing ethically, in a scholarly capacity, means the upholding of at most moral and decent values during the process of developing commodities. It is a perfect blend of sustainability, values imbibed in a business practice and social responsibility

Non-Profit Organization Finances and Pricing

Non-Profit Organization Finances and Pricing The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) is a non-profit organization which uses its revenues to develop new, simpler, faster-acting TB drug regimens[1] rather than distributing those profits to its shareholders and board of directors.[2] It is also a PDP (product development partnership) that operates like a biotechnology firm creating collaborations between the private, public, academic, and philanthropic sectors to drive the development of new TB drugs for developing countries using various licensing and partnership agreements. In this way risk and incentives are shared between the partners. TB Alliance manages the various projects although the laboratory experiments and clinical studies are performed by external partners. Donors include private foundations, governments, multilateral donors including the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, the European Commission, the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, Irish Fund, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Di sease, UK AID, UNIT AID, United States Agency for International Development, and the US Food and Drug Administration.[3] As a corporation, TB Alliance has to maintain legal status and reporting functions by filing reports with federal, state and local authorities. However, they have to demonstrate â€Å"no profit† and show how the money was utilized by submitting a Form 990 to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to keep their tax-exempt status.[4] The financial position for non-profit research based organization is important because it is funded by various donors. The board of directors and management of TB Alliance are accountable for how the money is spent for research, administrative activities, and production of new, faster-acting and affordable TB drugs. Ratios to Measure the Financial Position of an Organization: An efficient measure which could analyse the trends and financial position of the organization over a period of time is the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is a gauge which indicates the organizational financial performance.[5] Management of a non-profit organization uses ratio analysis in order to highlight the flaws and strengths of various strategies on the basis of which plans could be shaped. Funders or private donors of the organization can use the ratio analysis to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the projects and make decision about management’s performance.[6] The assessment of financial condition of non-profit organization starts with the evaluation of financial reports.[7] Various ratios are there to analyse the financial position of organization but a ratio is more useful if it is consistent in nature over time and measure the precise financial information.[8] We normally look at the published annual reports http://www.tballiance.org/annualreport/ and review their financial position and look for any red flags. We make sure their cash position is good relative to the annual operating income, and their equity / net assets are reasonably positive. We also make sure that any grant or investment we give is not a huge percentage of their annual budget.[9] There are eleven ratios identified by Non Profit Assistance Fund which could be used by a non-profit research based organization which is funded by private donors.[10] There are 5 Balance sheet ratios which could be used by a non-profit organization: Debt ratio: It is used to examine how much organization is relying on other people debts and how much cushion there is for the company. It is calculated by dividing total debt to total net assets.[11] Current ratio: Current ratio is current assets to current liabilities and it identifies the ability of the organization to pay its debts on time. It is a measure which tells about the cash flow in near future.[12] Days cash on hand: It is cash and current investments to daily cash requirement and helps to identify the amount of operating cast required by organization. It is helpful as it tells about the unrestricted cash available to the organization.[13] Accounts receivable aging: Account receivable aging ratio is important because it helps to identify all those bills which have become older and are aberrant. This ratio identifies the cash flow problems of the non profit organization. It consists of all the accounts payable overdue for more than 90 days to total accounts receivable.[14] Accounts payable aging: It is all the accounts payable over due for more than 90 days to total accounts payable. It specifies the cash flows problems related to payments and serve as a tool for several financial problems.[15] There are 3 expense ratios which are important for a non-profit organization as donors will need to examine the expense incurred and these are: Personnel costs ratio: It indicates the expense incurred on the human resource of the organization and tells how much budget is allocated for staff. It is the total wages to total expense.[16] Administration cost ratio: It is the total general and administrative expense to total expense. It is very helpful for the donors who regularly examine the expenses of company over time.[17] Fundraising efficiency: It is the income contributed to fundraising expense. As the organization raise funds from private donors it’s important to know each dollar which is being raised from the contribution by incurring expense on fundraising.[18] There is 1 ratio related to income statement: Reliance ratio. This ratio helps to identify the major source of income which is utilized by the organization for income. It highlights major activities which help to increase organizations income and it is the largest income source to total income.[19] Contracts and Its Affect on Provider Behaviour: Private donors can use Donor Advice Funds which is a written agreement between the donor and the non profit organization.[20] It is the fastest growing technique for non profit organization funded mainly by private donors. In this contract a special fund is created by the private donor to donate as charity or for well being of society. In this type of contract there is an agreement between the organization and the donor which states that the non profit organization will respect the donor’s wishes while using funds. But the agreement is non-binding and the ultimate decision and control is in the hands of non profit organization. The nature of provider in the contract is advisory and can only give suggestions to the board of non profit research company and the ultimate decision lies with management.[21] Contracts can be: (1) Fixed price contract when there is no uncertainty in the scope of work. The contractor is bound to complete the task within the agreed amount of money and time and is required to finish the task within a fixed amount. In this type of contract, the contractor bears the risk and the scope needs to be as detailed as possible[22]; (2) Cost reimbursable contract where the contractor is reimbursed for completed work and paid a certain amount representing the profit. In this type of contract, the buyer bears the risk since the buyer pays for all (allowable and reasonable) costs incurred by the contractor[23]; (3) Time and Materials contract when a contractor is paid on the basis of cost of labor specified hourly, actual cost of materials and equipment used, and an agreed upon amount to cover the contractor’s overhead with instructions not to exceed a certain limit. Here the risk is distributed between both buyer and seller[24]. Pricing Policy and Costing Methods: Price is the value charged for a product and pricing policy is the strategy by which the wholesale or retail price of the product is decided.[25] In developed countries the price of product is high due to high cost of RD as compared to underdeveloped countries.[26] Various costing methods which could be used by organization are cost based, competition based and value based pricing. Cost based pricing is the price of product decided according to the cost plus a profit margin. Cost based pricing consider both the fixed plus variable cost of the product and adds a margin over it.[27] Competition based pricing is a pricing technique that considers the industry in which the firm is operating and the competition.[28] Finally, Value based pricing is the customer based pricing technique which is based on customers’ needs, habits and attitudes.[29] The pricing structure for a non-profit pharmaceutical company providing inexpensive drugs is cost based pricing method which includes the fixed and variable cost plus an addition of suitable profit margin to cover the expenses for instance Howard Hugh medical institute uses cost based pricing. [30] The company can also use three tiered pricing policy in which it could make the pricing strategies by dividing countries into groups. The drugs could be sold at marginal cost in those countries where there is hard strike of disease and can be sold at a higher price with profit margin to middle income countries for instance Abbott uses three tiered pricing policy.[31] GlaxoSmithKline was one of the first vaccine companies to adopt this approach – higher prices for high income countries; low prices in GAVI eligible countries; and intermediate prices in middle income countries. [32] References Allen, S. ‘Pricing Methods’. 2015. http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy_2.htm (Accessed 2015-3-9) B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) Basu,C.‘Four Basic Types of Financial Ratios Used to Measure a Companys Performance’. 2015. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-types-financial-ratios-used-measure-companys-performance-25299.html (Accessed 2015-3-9) Bate, R. Boateng, K. ‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) Business Dictionary. Cost reimbursable contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-reimbursement-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Business Dictionary. Time and materials contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-and-materials-T-M-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Chabotar, k., J., Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits.The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208. Chuang, J., and Marvin, S. Pricing multicast communication: A cost-based approach.Telecommunication Systems, 2001, vol.17, no.3, pp. 281-297. DCU. ‘Charitable Planning: Donor Advised Funds vs. Private Foundations’. 2015. http://dcufinancial.org/new/dcufinancial/content.asp?contentid=2017940795 (Accessed 2015-3-10) FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’ 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9) Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). GSK Tiered pricing and vaccines. (2014) http://www.gsk.com/media/280905/tiered-pricing-for-vaccines-policy.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-13) Herman, R. D., Renz, D. O. ‘Theses on nonprofit organizational effectiveness’.Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 1999,vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 107-126. Investorwords. Fixed Price Contract. http://www.investorwords.com/19291/fixed_price_contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Joskow, P. Alvin, K. A framework for analyzing predatory pricing policy.Yale Law Journal,1979, pp. 213-270. Kanter, R. M., Summers, D. V. ‘Doing well while doing good: Dilemmas of performance measurement in nonprofit organizations and the need for a multiple-constituency approach’.Sage publication, 1994, pp. 220-236. Kaplan, R. Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations.Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. Mckeever,M. ‘Family Foundations: Donor Advised Funds and Supporting Organizations as Alternatives to Private Foundations’ .1999. http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/family-foundations-donor-advised-funds-and-supporting-organizations-alternatives-private-foundations (Accessed 2015-3-10). NAF. â€Å"Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios†. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10). Nagle, T., T., and Reed K., H.,Strategy and tactics of pricing. Pearson Education Limited, 2013. Salamon, L., M., The rise of the nonprofit sector.Foreign Affairs, 1994, pp. 109-122. Tuckman, H., P., and Cyril F. C., A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1991,vol.20, no.4, pp.445-460. Zall, M., ‘The Pricing Puzzle’. 2006. http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i03/html/03zall.html (Accessed 2015-3-10). Z, J., ‘Nonprofit financial objectives and financial responses to a tough economy’.Journal of Corporate Treasury Management,2010,vol.3, no.3, pp. 238-248. [1] Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). [2] R. M. Kanter, D. V. Summers. ‘Doing well while doing good: Dilemmas of performance measurement in nonprofit organizations and the need for a multiple-constituency approach’. Sage publication, 1994, pp. 220-236. [3] Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). [4] B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) [5] R. D. Herman, D. O. Renz. (1999). ‘Theses on nonprofit organizational effectiveness’. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 1999,vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 107-126. [6] FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’. 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9). [7] R, Kaplan. ‘Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. [8]FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’. 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9) [9] B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) [10] C, Basu. ‘Four Basic Types of Financial Ratios Used to Measure a Companys Performance’. 2015. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-types-financial-ratios-used-measure-companys-performance-25299.html (Accessed 2015-3-9) [11] J. K., Chabotar, ‘Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits’. The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208 [12]H, Tuckman, and C, Cyril. ‘A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly20.4 (1991): 445-460 [13] J. Zietlow, ‘Nonprofit financial objectives and financial responses to a tough economy’.Journal of Corporate Treasury Management,2010,vol.3, no.3, pp. 238-248. [14]R, Kaplan. ‘Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. [15] NAF. ‘Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios’. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10) [16] H, Tuckman, and C, Cyril. ‘A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly20.4 (1991): 445-460 [17] J,,K.,.Chabotar, ‘Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits’. The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208 [18] NAF. ‘Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios’. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10) [19] L., M. Salamon. ‘The rise of the nonprofit sector’.Foreign Affairs, 1994, pp. 109-122. [20] M. Mckeever. ‘Family Foundations: Donor Advised Funds and Supporting Organizations as Alternatives to Private Foundations’ .1999. http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/family-foundations-donor-advised-funds-and-supporting-organizations-alternatives-private-foundations (Accessed 2015-3-10). [21] DCU. ‘Charitable Planning: Donor Advised Funds vs. Private Foundations’. 2015. http://dcufinancial.org/new/dcufinancial/content.asp?contentid=2017940795 (Accessed 2015-3-10) [22] Investorwords. Fixed Price Contract. http://www.investorwords.com/19291/fixed_price_contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [23] Business Dictionary. Cost reimbursable contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-reimbursement-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [24] Business Dictionary. Time and materials contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-and-materials-T-M-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [25] P, Joskow K, Alvin. ‘A framework for analyzing predatory pricing policy’.Yale Law Journal,1979, pp. 213-270. [26] R. Bate, K. Boateng.‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) [27] John,Chuang Sirbu, Marvin. ‘Pricing multicast communication: A cost-based approach’. Telecommunication Systems, 2001, vol.17, no.3, pp. 281-297. [28] T, T. Nagle, H.,,K., Reed.‘Strategy and tactics of pricing’. Pearson Education Limited, 2013. [29] S. Allen, ‘Pricing Methods’. 2015. http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy_2.htm (Accessed 2015-3-9) [30]M., Zall.. ‘The Pricing Puzzle’. 2006. http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i03/html/03zall.html (Accessed 2015-3-10). [31] R. Bate, K. Boateng.‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) [32] GSK Tiered pricing and vaccines. (2014) http://www.gsk.com/media/280905/tiered-pricing-for-vaccines-policy.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-13)

John Gotti Essay -- Essays Papers

John Gotti If ever there was an incubator for crime it was the Italian Harlem tenements of the South Bronx. In one of those crowded dirty apartments, a young John Gotti seeked an impoverished existence with his parents and eleven sisters and brothers. His father rarely worked and then, only at menial jobs, risking the money that the family did have on gambling. Eventually the family moved to central Brooklyn, which was known as East New York. In East New York, for a poor boy like John Gotti with nothing in the way of prospects, the Cosa Nostra represented something to which he could realistic aspire to gain the power and respect he craved. He started as many young boys did, running errands for the gangsters, molding himself into a young bully with a future. His first major incident with the police occurred when he tried to steal a cement mixer and it fell on his feet, an injury that affected his gait for the rest of his life. He quit school at sixteen and rose to leadership in a local street gang of thieves called the Fulton-Rockaway Boys, named after two streets in their neighborhood. At an early age he exerted his bad temper, dominance and readiness to engage in fistfights. These were just the right characteristics to develop his potential as a Mafia boss. In the mid-1960's, Gotti's boss Carmine Fatico moved his headquarters out to Ozone Park near JFK Airport. Gotti, his brothers, Angelo and Willie Boy became relatively successful hijackers. That is, until they got caught in 1968 and landed in prison. In 1972, when Gotti got out of prison and went back to Ozone Park, the headquarters had been imaginatively renamed the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club. Two important things happened in his life to significantly lift his status in the Cosa Nostra. The first was that his boss Carmine Fatico faced a loansharking indictment, so Gotti became Fatico's man on the street to keep him informed about what was happening at a grass-roots level. The second was that Gotti met Neil Dellacroce, an important under boss to Carl Gambino. Neil accomplished Carlo's violent dirty work from a headquarters in Little Italy's Mulberry Street called the Ravenite Social Club. Neil, who was disappointed that his only son Armond became a drug addict, saw in Gotti a young protà ©gà © who was a younger version of his own violent, macho self. Lik... ...h as traffickers and as users. As a result, they have become more greedy, selfish, more violent. Many have chosen to forsake omerta, the traditional vow of silence and turn in other family members to save their own skins." Mr.Lombardo himself stated that there were no men of honor anymore. He states: "It has changed since I first joined in the 1940's, especially in the last few years with the growth of narcotics. Greed is causing younger members to go into narcotics without the knowledge of the families. These younger members lack the discipline and respect that made "This Thing" as strong as it once was." Bibliography: 1. Ianni, Francis. Black Mafia. New York : Simon and Schuster, 1972 2. Kelley, Robert J. â€Å"Organized Crime : Past , Present, and Future.† USA Today July 1994 3. Mueller, Tom. â€Å"Cosa Nostra† The New Republic 15 April. 1996: 17-18 4. Reuter, Peter. â€Å"The Decline of the American Mafia† Public Interest Summer 1995 5. http://www.naxs.com/people/mmachi/mafia/ 6. http://www.naxs.com/people/mmachi/mafia/ 7. http://www.pressanykey.com/mafia/history.html 8. http://members.aol.com/whizkid01/hist.html 9. www.ganglandnews.com

Did Women Gain from the Revolution

Women’s place before and after the revolution was no different. They were regarded not as masters of the house nor the maternal backbones of great men, but they were almost possessions of husbands, property no more or less valuable than slaves. According to Forrest McDonald, the generation after the Revolution saw the first gains for American women, but those who lived through it saw no significant improvements in their lifetime.His argument relies on the words used during the construction of the new government as being masculine words such as â€Å"Republic† which formal definitions of at that time excluded slaves, non-property holders, children, and women. Men at the time of the Revolution, asserts McDonald, subscribed to a theory by a popular political theorist of the seventeenth-century, who claimed that men should cultivate their land, as well as their homes. This notion disagrees with some of the arguments that Elizabeth Fox-Genovese put forth, that women took car e of the home and family and men took an active role in the public sphere.Fox-Genovese believes that women had established a different perspective of themselves after the war, that they were seen less dangerous or deviant and more as mothers of patriots and respected for the work they put in raising the children and taking care of the household while the men fought the war. While this may or may not be true, judging how mass social perspectives change in this case is not easy. For example it is much easier and reliable if today we wanted to see how peoples perspective on the role of women in the workforce has changed.We could look up Gallup polls conducted over the past fifty or more years and be able to see a definite concrete assessment of how people’s opinion over the years has changed. Today women are interchangeable in almost every profession that men occupy, but in the 1950s and early 60s a good majority of the American population still believed that women’s plac e was in the home. But in the 18th century they did not conduct Gallup polls, and to assert that men’s perception of women changed in any significant way is going far out on a limb.Women could have gained more respect after the revolution, but was it necessarily a result of the revolution, or perhaps they just riding a wave of social enlightenment that was happening all over the world at this time, not just in the Americas. This may have indeed been the case, also one must ask was anything significantly gained for women during the revolution that has some concreteness, something written in law or legislature. Maybe it would be correct to say women gained from the revolution if there was something written in for women in the Constitution.The fact of the matter is women before the revolution had no rights, and the new â€Å"free† republic formed after the revolution still had no formal clause granting women citizenship, or any guarantees to the rights protected by the Co nstitution. The Revolution itself did little for women, it was a war fought by men for men who believed in an ideology that was constructed by men. At the time of the revolution there were no factories, or large manufacturing plants in cities where large numbers of people could be employed.This was a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution, which started more than half a century after the Constitution was written. The Industrial Revolution also saw large exoduses of people from the farms to large cities, where the factories were located. But during the revolution, the majority of the population lived far away from cities. They lived off the land they cultivated by hand and sweat. They were farmers. They owned their land and profited from the things they made or grew or raised.This meant that going to work was as simple as going out the front door on to the large corn-field to plow. The men were always home, so there was not a need for women to take a dominant role in taking care of the day to day duties of the home. If the man viewed himself as the head of his family, then there was no need to make women in charge of the home because he should already be in charge of the home himself, with the children and wife subjugated below him. The man at this time raised his children, controlled his wife, and basically was the dominant figure in the household.It is noted by Fox-Genovese that Abgail Adams, Sam Adams’ wife wrote to her husband and asked him to â€Å"remember the ladies. † But that is not all she wrote, she also warned in that same letter that arrived to her husband during the construction of the Constitution at the Continental Congress, â€Å"If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies, we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice or Representation. Even with this message in mind, Sam Adams did not fight hard enough for his wife in order for there to be an y rights or priveledges guaranteed for women in the Constitution. I think that it is important to note that, because the threat that the wife posed was not strong enough there was nothing done for women in the Constitution. It was not strong enough because at the time women could not strike, for what would they stop doing?At that time they were not the sole responsibility of taking care of the house, nor did they work for one particular industry at all. Women at the time were not much better off than slaves, often uneducated and unable to perform any time of skill that would get them employed. They were basically just there to bear children and help their husbands. And unfortunately that would remain the case for years to come.

The eNotes Blog Beautiful Bookish Advertisements From Israel’s Oldest BookstoreChain

Beautiful Bookish Advertisements From Israel’s Oldest BookstoreChain Steimatzky, founded way back in 1925 in Tel-Aviv,  collaborated with GREY Group ad agency in 2013 to create ads that captured the imaginative nature and adventure  of books. They feature the readers falling asleep and sweetly snoozing next to their novels characters. These even make taking a nap with Stalin look charming! Check them out, and let us know your favorites (or books/characters that would make compelling ads  you think they missed)  in the comments! Harry Potter IMHO but thats always a given with me. The Fellowship of the Ring   by J.R.R. Tolkein The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari   by  Robin Sharma Pippi Longstocking   by  Astrid Lindgren Stalin: A Biography   by Robin Service The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes   by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Don Quixote   by  Miguel De Cervantes and Edith Grossman and this (kind of horrifying, yet effective) anti-ad for television. Hopefully HBO and Netflix Original Series are immune, otherwise were all probably doomed for this unfortunate tiny head  disease.

Autoimmune Disease Essays

Autoimmune Disease Essays Autoimmune Disease Essay Autoimmune Disease Essay In our bodies we have an immune system that helps us be protected by diseases and infections. Autoimmune disease is the exact opposite. It attacks itself by mistake and you can become ill. Autoimmune diseases affect your tissues as well as your nerves, endocrine system, muscles and digestive system. Autoimmune occur only in women in their childbearing years. The Autoimmune disease tends to run in the families. Your genes and immune system can respond to things in the environment. If you think you have autoimmune disease then ask your family members. There are many types of autoimmune diseases and is helpful to know a few of the common symptoms. Hasimoto’s thyroidtitis has tiredness, depression, dry hair, tough skin, and sensitivity to cold. Graves’ disease has insomnia, irritability, heat sensitivity, sweating, brittle hair and shaky hands. Multiple sclerosis has paralysis, tremors, numbness and tingling feeling. Rheumatoid arthritis has muscles pains, deformed joints, weakness, fatigue, and weightless. These can be diagnosed with blood tests and x-rays by your doctors. If you think you have Autoimmune disease it would be in your best advice to be tested by your physician and if you test positive for any of the Autoimmune systems, they will help you. Medication will help symptoms of Autoimmune disease. Different types of medication will vary with your symptoms. Mild Autoimmune diseased patients can take over the counter drugs while others with severe symptoms may be prescribed a drug. If you have autoimmune disease a few tips to feel better are by eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, rest, and reducing your stress. Remember that due to our advanced technology, there are many new treatments for this disease that are being studied at the time!

Quantitative Research Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quantitative Research Article Critique - Essay Example These are; Annual Survey of Hospitals, views from regular nurses and coordinators from the respective hospitals. During the research, conflicting definition about nurse staffing developed different results. One view of nurse staffing was the duration that patients are under complete care of nurses. The other view is the Canadian view. This view looked at the literal numbers of nurses proving healthcare services to patients. The results achieved from the former view in relation to medication errors established that the two factors never related statistically. The latter view revealed a correlation between the number of nursing staff and the medical errors reported in a nursing unit. The Mplus program and the ALT model was used to analyze the data collected. The analysis resulted to the establishment of four coefficients. The first coefficient reveals the relationship between the predictors and medical errors. The second category of coefficient determines the relationship between medical errors and a particular predictor variable. It reveals the changes implicated on medication errors. The third category of coefficients focuses on monthly medication errors on the following errors. The last coefficient category focuses on the variables in medical error and nurse staffing variables. The divergent views in the definition of nurse staffing implicate difficulties in the establishment of the relationship between nurse staffing and the medical errors. Only two coefficients from the 16 were fruitful. Many limitations experienced during the research could not assist in deriving substantial relationship between nurse staffing and medical

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the Essay

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the international law - Essay Example d by the international law 39 3.2.2 Tigris and Euphrates rivers and international law 3.2.2.1 Historical development of the conflict on the management of water of Tigris/ Euphrates 40 3.2.2.2 Causes of the conflict 41 3.2.2.3 Response of the international community 43 3.2.2.4 The solution provided in the context of international law 44 3.2.2.5 Challenges related with the application of international law in the specific case 47 3.2.2.6 Critical analysis of the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the solution provided by the international law 48 3.2.3 Discussion on findings 50 Chapter F... As a result of the increased use of water, there have been serious damages to the environment. For example many rivers are receding, half of the global wetlands have been eroded and freshwater fish have virtually become endangered species.1 It is hardly surprising that in more recent times there has a been heightened awareness that the world expects to confront a water crisis.2 These developments over the last century have transferred over to state development of water conservation strategies that require a balancing of two conflicting interests: the significance of water for human existence and need to protect the earth’s natural resources. However, in order for the world’s natural resources to be effectively conserved, national laws, practices and policies require some form of harmony with one another. This is particularly so in the case of waterways which not only adjourn different international borders but are frequently traversed and used by many nationals. For thi s reason there have been attempts to harmonize national legal and policy strategies for the conservation of waterways at international law. In this regard, the management of international rivers is a particularly acute concern. The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 (hereinafter the Convention) has set the criteria by which the management of water worldwide should be based.3 Although national laws apply to the management of international rivers, those national laws are required to coincide with the criteria established by the Convention. In other words as a standard setting international legal instrument, the Convention should prevail over national laws of contracting states. However, this kind of expected